The fur trade was the heart of the French empire in early North America. The French-Canadian (Canadien) men who traversed the vast hinterlands of the Hudson Bay watershed, trading for furs from Indigenous trappers and hunters, were its cornerstone.

Though the Canadiens worked for French colonial authorities, they were not unwavering agents of imperial power. Increasingly they found themselves between two worlds as they built relationships with Indigenous communities, sometimes joining them through adoption or marriage, raising families of their own. The result was an ambivalent empire that grew in fits and starts. It was guided by imperfect information, built upon a contested Indigenous borderland, fragmented by local interests, and periodically neglected by government administrators. Heirs of an Ambivalent Empire explores the lives of the Canadiens who used family and kinship ties to navigate between sovereign Indigenous nations and the French colonial government from the early 1660s to the 1780s.

Acting as cultural intermediaries, the Canadiens made it possible for France to extend its presence into northwest North America. Over time, however, their uncertain relationships with the French colonial state splintered imperial authority, leading to an outcome that few could have foreseen - the emergence of a new Indigenous culture, language, people, and nation: the Metis.

How early French-Indigenous relations in the Northwest led to the rise of a new people, the Metis.

About the Author
Scott Berthelette is Red River Metis, a member of the Manitoba Metis Federation, and assistant professor in the Department of History at Queen's University.

Reviews
"Bringing attention to a largely neglected but critical region - the immense Hudson Bay watershed - Berthelette makes a major intervention in the history of the French empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the relationship between Indigenous peoples and key agents of empire, and the rise of the Metis Nation." Michael McDonnell, University of Sydney


Awards
M. Elizabeth Arthur Award, The Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society 2023.



Book Information
ISBN 9780228010593
Author Scott Berthelette
Format Paperback
Imprint McGill-Queen's University Press
Publisher McGill-Queen's University Press