"Warrior monks"-the misnomer for the Iberian military orders that emerged on the frontiers of Europe in the twelfth century-have long fascinated general readers and professional historians alike. Proposing "ecclesiastical knights" as a more accurate name and conceptual model-warriors animated by ideals and spiritual currents endorsed by the church hierarchy-author Sam Zeno Conedera presents a groundbreaking study of how these orders brought the seemingly incongruous combination of monastic devotion and the practice of warfare into a single way of life.
Providing a detailed study of the military-religious vocation as it was lived out in the Orders of Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcantara in Leon-Castile during the first century, Ecclesiastical Knights provides a valuable window into medieval Iberia. Filling a gap in the historiography of the medieval military orders, Conedera defines, categorizes, and explains these orders, from their foundations until their spiritual decline in the early fourteenth century, arguing that that the best way to understand their spirituality is as a particular kind of consecrated knighthood.
Because these Iberian military orders were belligerents in the Reconquest, Ecclesiastical Knights informs important discussions about the relations between Western Christianity and Islam in the Middle Ages. Conedera examines how the military orders fit into the religious landscape of medieval Europe through the prism of knighthood, and how their unique conceptual character informed the orders and spiritual self-perception.
The religious observances of all three orders were remarkably alike, except that the Cistercian-affiliated orders were more demanding and their members could not marry. Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcantara shared the same essential mission and purpose: the defense and expansion of Christendom understood as an act of charity, expressed primarily through fighting and secondarily through the care of the sick and the ransoming of captives. Their prayers were simple and their penances were aimed at knightly vices and the preservation of military discipline. Above all, the orders valued obedience. They never drank from the deep wellsprings of monasticism, nor were they ever meant to.
Offering an entirely fresh perspective on two difficult and closely related problems concerning the military orders-namely, definition and spirituality-author Sam Zeno Conedera illuminates the religious life of the orders, previously eclipsed by their military activities.

The spiritual lives of three military orders of Iberia: Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcantara.

About the Author
Sam Zeno Conedera, S.J., is a Jesuit Scholastic at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, a former Visiting Professor in the Department of History at Santa Clara University, and the author of the recent Ecclesiastical Knights from Fordham University Press (2015). His current research investigates the early history of the Society of Jesus.

Reviews
"This is an important study both for the history of the military orders and the history of Medieval Spain. Elegantly, thoughtfully, persuasively, Conedera guides us towards the answer to a perplexing riddle: just why did so many knights consecrate their lives to God?" -- -Damian J. Smith St. Louis University "Conedera's book lets us sneak into the headquarters of Iberian 'ecclesiastical knights' and through the fascinating account of their virtues, shortcomings, devotions, and temptations convincingly illuminates the spirituality of their seemingly paradoxical nature." -- -Martina Saltamacchia University of Nebraska Omaha



Book Information
ISBN 9780823265954
Author Sam Zeno Conedera
Format Hardback
Page Count 280
Imprint Fordham University Press
Publisher Fordham University Press