During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the North West and Hudson's Bay companies extended their operations beyond the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. There they encountered a mild and forgiving climate and abundant natural resources and, with the aid of Native traders, branched out into farming, fishing, logging, and mining. Following its merger with the North West Company in 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company set up its headquarters at Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River. From there, the company dominated much of the non-Native economy, sending out goods to markets in Hawaii, Sitka, and San Francisco.

Trading Beyond the Mountains looks at the years of exploration between 1793 and 1843 leading to the commercial development of the Pacific coast and the Cordilleran interior of western North America. Mackie examines the first stages of economic diversification in this fur trade region and its transformation into a dynamic and distinctive regional economy. He also documents the Hudson's Bay Company's employment of Native slaves and labourers in the North West coast region.

Using complex data from Company records, and extensive unpublished correspondence, as well as reports, contemporary accounts, and unpublished memoirs, Mackie takes us on an in-depth historical tour of the Columbia Department's multifaceted Pacific Coast operations. We are introduced to the fur trade, the overland transportation and trade system, the coastal carrying trade, and a wide variety of economic activities literally "beyond the fur trade" that gave the Hudson's Bay Company economic diversification in an age of staple dependencies ... No study to date has provided such depth.

About the Author
Richard Somerset Mackie has an MA (Hons) in Mediaeval and Modern History from the University of St. Andrews. He is publisher and editor of The Ormsby Review in Vancouver.

Reviews
Trading Beyond the Mountains is an overview of the development and expansion of trade by the Hudson's Bay Company before the establishment of Fort Victoria. Well written and well researched, it is not a history of forts and people, but of HBC policy in the Columbia District and the evolution of its non fur-trade enterprises such as lumber and salmon-fishing. -- Bob Griffin * Discovery Magazine *
By 1840 the company had developed an integrated commercial economy in this huge area and had virtually destroyed American competition. Individual American trappers and traders could not match HBC capital and organization. -- John Killick * Economic History *
Trading Beyond the Mountains is meticulously researched and annotated, and supported with maps, tables and a massive bibliography of primary and secondary materials, published and unpublished. -- John McCrystal * Journal of Pacific History *
Mackie has delved into obscure and little-known documents to produce a comprehensive study of an unknown period of our history. -- Judy Hagen * Comox Valley Echo *
Trading Beyond the Mountains ... will hopefully initiate a much-needed reevaluation of the role played by the Hudson's Bay Company in the history of Western North America. -- Jean Barman and Roderick J. Barman * Business History Review *
What role did Natives play in the Company's commerce? Recognizing the existence of a Native exchange system featuring haiqua (shells) and slaves, Mackie sees the Company as committed to fitting into it. -- Robert Kubicek * BC Studies *
Over these five decades, Mackie argues that the economic development of the region was dramatic: in 1793 commerce consisted primarily of a riverine fur trade; by 1843 the region possessed the rudimentary elements of a commercial economy, including established trade routes, export trades, local markets, and a large and cheap labour supply. -- Brian Gobbett * B.C. Historical News *
Trading Beyond the Mountains is a significant contribution to the emerging national meta-narrative. -- Robert C. H. Sweeney * Labour/ Le Travail *
Trading Beyond the Mountains ... includes an important chapter on Native peoples' (including slaves') fundamental role in labour and trade practices. -- Keith Thor Carlson, Melinda Marie Jette, and Kenichi Matsui * The Canadian Historical Review *
Mackie produce[s] a well-balanced and orderly account of the British fur trade across a huge area of the North American continent. -- Glyndwr Williams * Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History *

Mackie covers his selected topic in an engaging, highly readable, and beautifully illustrated book ... This is a welcome addition to the literature of commercial policy and history of the Pacific west coast.

-- Carl Beal * Native Studies Review *
This [is] exceptionally well documented history. -- P. T. Sherrill * Choice *

Richard Mackie's Trading Beyond the Mountains is a milestone study of the Hudson's Bay Company. It is a fresh approach to an old subject and is based in thoroughly modern research. It should be read by anyone interested in the history of the fur trade or the early history of the Canadian or American West.

-- Dick Wilson * Letters in Canada *

This solid, narrative-based historical geography should become the standard bearer on the origins and evolution of the eighteenth- and nineteenth century British fur trade in the Pacific Northwest.

-- Keith Edgerton * Oregon Historical Quarterly *

Fluently written, abundantly documented, and supplemented with numerous informative and beautifully crafted maps, Mackie's portrayal of the Hudson's Bay Company's dynamic and multifaceted Pacific economy leaves a strong impression...

-- Pekka Hamalainen * Pacific Historical Review *
...an excellent and readable book [that] belongs in the library of every historian and historical geographer with interest in western North America. -- John L. Allen * Journal of Historical Geography *

The book [Trading Beyond the Mountains] is a magisterial history of commerce ... The interpretation is illuminating, and accordingly, every student of the northeast Pacific's history should read this book.

-- David Nicandri * Alaska History *

Richard Mackie has made an important contribution, and this work is an essential acquisition for the libraries of scholars with an interest in the maritime fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the region.

-- James Delgado * The American Neptune *

Trading Beyond the Mountains breaks new ground in documenting the scale and diversity of commercial operations by the Hudson's Bay Company.

* Booknews *

This book will prove extremely useful for anyone seeking information on the HBC's business in the western part of its territory.

-- Edith Burley * The Canadian Historical Review *

This book is an important contribution to western historiography, and it will have a long shelf life as a reference work.

-- Barry Gough * Albion *

This book is an original account, splendidly researched, of a neglected period in west coast economic history.

-- Harry Duckworth * The Beaver *

An exemplary study - thoroughly researched, clearly written, and voluminous...

-- Joel Martineau * Canadian Journal of Native Studies *

A fascinating look at the history of economic development in the Pacific Northwest.

* Books on Canada *

This well-timed narrative provides the first clear account not only of the economic origins of British Columbia but also of the maritime adventures of what had become the largest private landowner in the world

-- Douglas Farnie * English Historical Review *

Trading Beyond the Mountains is a thoroughly researched and comprehensive history of five decades of the fur trade ... clearly written and well documented .... an excellent resource for students and those interested in the fur trade.

* Comox Valley Record *

Trading Beyond the Mountains provides a long overdue examination of the activities of the NWC and HBC as they expanded into territories lying west of the Rocky Mountains.

-- Linda Hogarth * Musings *

The author weaves a detailed account of the scale and scope of the Hudson's Bay Company's diverse commercial operations in the region and the expansion of their activities along the Pacific coast of North America.

-- Joseph Leydon * Canadian Book Review Annual *

This is not simply a history of the fur trade. Mackie presents a picture of the HBC as a dynamic, flexible commercial enterprise, devising strategies to defeat American competitors and expand trade into new commodities and new areas ... The book is a valuable addition to scholarship.

-- Barbara Messamore * British Journal of Canadian Studies *


Awards
Winner of Medal for Historical Writing, Lieutenant Governer 1997 (Canada).



Book Information
ISBN 9780774806138
Author Richard S. Mackie
Format Paperback
Page Count 440
Imprint University of British Columbia Press
Publisher University of British Columbia Press
Weight(grams) 620g