The Christian Goddess: Archetype and Theology in the Fantasies of George MacDonald, examines this British Victorian writer's employment of female figures to represent Deity. Such symbolism is extremely unusual for a Christian author of this period and anticipates the efforts of many modern theologians to develop an image of God as Mother. Bonnie Gaarden reads the goddess-figures in MacDonald's fantasies as both archetypes of the collective unconscious and as emblems articulating MacDonald's unique Christian theology, which is Trinitarian, Neo-Platonic, mystical and universalist. The goddesses become the central figures around which the author develops her interpretations of MacDonald's adult fantasy-novels, his children's books and some of his fairy tales. These readings discover MacDonald's ideas about God and the nature of good and evil, models of spiritual and psychological development that foreshadow the theories of Carl Jung and Eric Neumann, and acerbic commentary on the values and customs of Victorian society and religion. According to The Christian Goddess, MacDonald's Romantic belief in God's self-revelation in Nature led him to create Nature-mothers (such as the Green Lady in 'The Golden Key' and Lilith's Eve) which evoke both the Great Mother archetype described by Eric Neumann, and the modern neopagan Great Mother as developed in the works of James Frazer, Robert Graves, and Marija Gimutas. MacDonald dramatized his view of evil and its cure in the title character of Lilith, a Terrible Mother archetype historically embodied in the Hindu goddess Kali. MacDonald's notion of the world as Keat's 'vale of Soulmaking,' also elaborated by religious philosopher John Hick, is conveyed by Magic Cauldron archetypes in The Wise Woman, 'The Gray Wolf,' and Lilith. Muse-figures in Phantastes and At the Back of the North Wind express MacDonald's conviction that a 'right imagination' is the voice of God, while Divine Children in The Wise Woman and 'The Golden Key' communicate his belief that 'true childhood' is the Divine nature. The great-grandmother in the Princess books, a personification of the multi-dimensional activity of Divine Wisdom, springs from the Judeo-Christian Sophia and the classical Athena, while Kore figures in The Princess and the Goblin, Lilith, and Phantastes re-present the transforming descents of Persephone and Christ. This book shows MacDonald's fantasies as a chronological bridge, anchored in the traditions of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, incorporating the teachings of Christian mysticism and theistic Romanticism, and linking to the contemporary concerns in Western society that have given birth to the New Age. The Christian goddess portrayed in these fantasies may strike the reader as a Deity whose time has come.

About the Author
Bonnie Gaarden teaches literature of the Bible and mythology at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania.

Reviews
By exploring these supernatural figures in MacDonald's stories through the lenses of Jungian psychology, Hindu religion, Biblical Sophia literature, and Greek myth, Gaarden does something more than just impart to her readers a deeper understanding of the centrality of these figures in MacDonald's mythopoeia. She also gestures toward something transcendent that a life of its own beyond these texts. Thus there is something in this book to interest literary critics as well as theologians. ... It seems clear to me that this book -- thoroughly researched, elegantly argued, and engagingly written -- should be essential reading not only for MacDonald scholars, but also for historians of Victorian religion and those interested in feminine spirituality more generally. * Mythlore *
The Christian Goddess will surely interest students of MacDonald's theology and mythopoesis, as well as those interested in archetypal and gender studies approaches to fantasy. Gaarden explains complex ideas with enviable clarity and ease, making this book accessible to the scholar and the lay reader alike. It is a significant addition to MacDonald scholarship, and one that deserves distinction. * Orts: The George MacDonald Society Newsletter *
Gaarden guides the reader in a biblical and mythological exegesis of the way in which each of MacDonald's goddesses educates protagonists through struggles of ignorance and pain in the dark valleys of the human condition. ... For scholars of MacDonald, Victorian fantasy, Christian theology, and Jungian psychology, Gaarden's study will prove engaging. * Victorian Studies *



Book Information
ISBN 9781611470086
Author Bonnie Gaarden
Format Hardback
Page Count 224
Imprint Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
Publisher Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
Weight(grams) 490g
Dimensions(mm) 241mm * 163mm * 21mm