This book argues that the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe essentially began shortly before 1600 BC, when lands rich in natural resources were taken over by military forces from the Eurasian steppe and from southern Caucasia. First were the copper and silver mines (along with good harbors) in Greece, and the copper and gold mines of the Carpathian basin. By ca. 1500 BC other military men had taken over the amber coasts of Scandinavia and the metalworking district of the southern Alps. These military takeovers offer the most likely explanations for the origins of the Greek, Keltic, Germanic and Italic subgroups of the Indo-European language family.

Battlefield warfare and militarism, Robert Drews contends, were novelties ca. 1600 BC and were a consequence of the military employment of chariots. Current opinion is that militarism and battlefield warfare are as old as formal states, going back before 3000 BC.

Another current opinion is that the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe happened long before 1600 BC. The "Kurgan theory" of Marija Gimbutas and David Anthony dates it from late in the fifth to early in the third millennium BC and explains it as the result of horse-riding conquerors or raiders coming to Europe from the steppe. Colin Renfrew's Archaeology and Language dates the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe to the seventh and sixth millennia BC, and explains it as a consequence of the spread of agriculture in a "wave of advance" from Anatolia through Europe. Pairing linguistic with archaeological evidence Drews concludes that in Greece and Italy, at least, no Indo-European language could have arrived before the second millennium BC.

About the Author

Robert Drews studied ancient history-Near Eastern, Greek and Roman-at the Johns Hopkins University and received his degree in 1960. For the next 45 years he taught the full slate of ancient history at Vanderbilt University, and became interested especially in the evolution of religion and of warfare. In the latter field his publications include Coming of the Greeks (1988), The End of the Bronze Age (1993) and Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe (2004).

Reviews

'Drews's new book ... is clearly argued and will serve the neophyte as a convenient introduction to the voluminous research-recent and classic- in the several scholarly fields whose data are adduced here' - Journal of the American Oriental Society 141.1 (2021)

'Cet ouvrage fournit un 'modele' pour comprendre l'histoire de la guerre europeenne, avec ses armes et ses premieres batailles, un champ de recherches trop souvent ecarte pour des raisons ideologiques deplacees (pp. 56-57), ou simplement pour des raisons de mode. Quant a l'articulation de cette histoire avec la linguistique historique indo-europeenne, beaucoup reste a faire, comme l'auteur l'admet in fine. Toutefois, son ouvrage fournit des perspectives qui respectent pour l'essentiel le travail des linguistes et qui, enrichies d'etudes anthropologiques et archeologiques plus larges, leur permettront d'affiner leurs propres hypotheses' - Pierre Sauzeau in Bryn Mawr Classical Review

'Today's archaeology, exemplified by the work of, for example, Helle Vandkilde or Kristian Kristiansen, is again interested in Indo-European migrations, war, weapons, and the flow of interaction throughout the Old World. Drews has studied these issues, through the lens of Near Eastern and ancient Greek history, throughout his career and across shifting trends in history and archaeology. Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe draws on this experience to produce a synthesis from Caucasia to Scandinavia; to address at length topics previously remarked on in passing; and to comment on a number of current debates about the role and nature of militarism, warfare, chronological issues, Indo-European dispersions, the arrival of the Greeks in Greece, and the history of Europe' - Christopher Prescott in AJA

'Drews's conclusions will, no doubt, engender a vigorous response from PIE scholars over the merits of his thesis. Regardless, Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe is a fascinating read for the student of warfare or antiquity, even without a background in archaeology, linguistics, or Indo-European studies' - Nathan Perz in Journal of Military History

Book Information
ISBN 9780367886004
Author Robert Drews
Format Paperback
Page Count 296
Imprint Routledge
Publisher Taylor & Francis Ltd
Weight(grams) 453g